Clarke, p. 8, maintains that the historical Romans "did not have a self-acutely aware idea of their sexuality". 93ff. Augustine defines sexual integrity (pudicitia) as a purely spiritual high-quality that physical defilement are unable to taint as indicated through this short article, the Romans considered rape and other sorts of stuprum inside a political context as crimes in opposition to the citizen's liberty. 199. Augustine's interpretation of the rape of Lucretia (in City of God 1.19) has produced a significant physique of criticism, starting off with Machiavelli's satire. Staples, p. 164, citing Norman Bryson, "Two Narratives of Rape in the Visual Arts: Lucretia and the Sabine Women," in Rape (Blackwell, 1986), p. 115-116, citing Festus (87 in the version of Mьller) on the torch and noting that priestesses devoted to Ceres in North Africa took a vow of chastity like that of the Vestals (Tertullian, Ad uxorem 1.6 Oehler). Williams, p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. fifty one Susanne William Rasmussen, Public Portents in Republican Rome («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2003), p.

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