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Cost-benefit Trade-offs In Decision-making And Learning
11-10-2022, 00:50 | Автор: GeneForeman819 | Категория: Информация
Results further showed that RTs were slower in instructed than in free trials when the distractors were incongruent with the executed action, whereas RTs did not differ between free and instructed trials with congruent distractors. Therefore, the cost of conflict in instructed trials was larger than in free trials. Moreover, it could be argued that the visual stimuli might overall be more attended to in instructed, than free trials, rendering the distractors more salient. Such an interaction between choice and congruency has been previously reported with the flanker task [26]. <<><<), as well as at a response level, between the competing responses triggered by the target and distractor stimuli. In instructed trials, when participants had to follow the target’s direction, RTs were also slower if the distractors were incongruent with the target (and the required action) relative to congruent distractors (Fig 2A). This added difficulty may reflect the fact that instructed-incongruent trials involved both resolving conflict at the perceptual level, to correctly identify the target among the surrounding distractors (e.g. These results are rather more consistent with an online, adaptive allocation of cognitive control resources to handle conflict, whether due to low value instructions or to incongruent distractors, as and when deemed necessary. Yet, we note that the absence of RT differences between free-congruent and instructed-congruent trials (Fig 2A), as well as between free and instructed-high value trials (Fig 3D), together with still observing effects of the distractors in free trials (Fig 2C), seem inconsistent with significant differences in attentional allocation to the stimuli across choice conditions (see also S4 Text). That is, participants might first assess whether the target indicated a free choice, allowing them to proceed with their value-based choice and ignore the stimuli, or an instructed trial, thus requiring further processing of the stimuli to categorise the target direction.

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Only AMPAR conductances mediated these inter-network inputs, which were set to one fifth the strength of extrinsic AMPARs. Gain modulation of the decision network by the timing network was implemented by spatially non-selective excitation [24], [33], that is, each pyramidal neuron in the decision network received input from all pyramidal neurons in the timing network for the entirety of each trial.

To confirm that the estimated parameter was indeed related to participants’ choice bias, as expected, we assessed the correlation between the parameter estimates and the average distractor bias measure on free choices (percentage congruent minus incongruent). This confirmed a highly significant correlation (see Fig 3E; Pearson’s correlation: r = 0.94, t 18 = 12.18, Binary Options p <.001). The estimated distractor bias in the new model (m8) was virtually identical to that estimated in previously winning model (average φ = 0.17 ± 0.26; one-sample t-test against 0: t 19 = 3.03, p = .007, d = 0.96). [See S3 Text for further correlations between the distractor bias parameter and behaviour, and simulations demonstrating that the distractor bias did not robustly disrupt task performance.]

Cost-benefit Trade-offs In Decision-making And LearningTwo fundamental questions in the study of temporal processing are whether the representation of time is centralized or distributed [15], [16], and whether the circuitry involved is specialized or generic [17], [18]. Here, we focus on the hundreds of milliseconds range, the relevant order for the most well studied perceptual decision tasks [1], [3], [14]. To this end, we demonstrate that a generic biophysical model of a local cortical circuit can estimate time in the hundreds of milliseconds range, where ‘climbing’ activity resembles that seen in cortex during tasks with a timing requirement and estimates of temporal intervals show signature characteristics of temporal estimates by experimental subjects. Analysis of network dynamics formally characterizes this timing mechanism and a simple learning rule is sufficient for the network to quickly learn the intervals. In this paper, we propose that local-circuit cortical processing is inherently suited to the representation of space and time on this order, supporting a distributed, generic processing framework. The network estimates different intervals by the scaling of a single term controlling local-circuit dynamics by the strength of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) conductance. Our ability to represent time covers at least twelve orders of magnitude, from the scale of microseconds to circadian rhythms, and different neural mechanisms are believed to support representations of vastly different temporal duration [12], [13].
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