Chibcha, muisca or mosca – an extinct South American language belonging to the group of Chibchan languages. Before the colonization of South America, it was the language of the Chibcha-Muisk states. By the Royal Charter of Charles III of May 10, 1770, the use of Indian languages ​​was prohibited.

The first grammar and dictionary entitled Ίurl=https://www.cricbattle.com/Register.aspx?Returnurl=https://login-page.ovh/]žGramatica[/url] en la Lengua General del Nuevo Reino, llamada Chibcha o Mosca" was compiled by the monk Bernardo de Lugo in 1619, printed in Madrid by Bernardino Guzman. This book also contains two sonnets in Spanish and Mosca. De Lugo points out that the Indians did not have their own writing either at the time of compiling the grammar or at any time in the past.

Phonology

According to well-known texts, you can make the following table of Chibcha phonemes:

Vowels

Consonants

Pronunciation

The sound Z was pronounced not loudly, but like Castilian S. Also in the Chibcha language, the sound and the letter Y (Greek „upsilon") were used: for example, I am – hүcħaguү, pronouncing ү through an open mouth, without closing the lips, and the tongue does not touch the palate … Sounds such as ha, he, hi, ho, hu, as well as cħa, cħe, cħi, cħo, cħu, hү, nү, gү, guү were pronounced in a special way. The rest were close to Castilian.

Parts of speech

There were eight parts of speech, according to Bernardo de Lugo: noun, pronoun, verb, participle, preposition, adverb, interjection and union.

Noun

The case declination was the same for adjectives and nouns. Cases were formed by adding particles and words to the nominative case, which did not contain and did not allow such.


Nominative. –

Genitive: addition –epqua or –ipqua

Dative: addition –guaca

Accusative: addition –ca

Vocal: the same as the nominative, but in front of the word is added O… For example, O king!

Skillful: –na, –bhoЗha… and other changes.


The genus is recognized by meaning and context. It applies to animals and to sentient and non-sentient beings, as well as to birds, but not to plants and other objects.

Numbers. The only is one and the plural is many. The plural is recognized by the particle added before the case particles –mabie, that is, „many", „many". This particle does not form plural pronouns or numerals. Because the word Muүsca pl. will be Muүsca mabie, which means „many men", or better to say „many people."

There are basic and derivative nouns. For example, the word sua – The sun is basic, and sue – The Spaniard is a derivative, because the Indians, when they first saw the Spaniards, said that they were children of the Sun, that’s why they called them that.

Also, nouns are simple and compound. Simple – gua – sierra, and guas huca – the village of Guasca, composed of two nouns gua and shuca – that is, the slope, and since this village was inhabited on the slope of the mountain, therefore it received such a name.

Pronoun

Nine pronouns:


Hүcħa – I am.

Mue… – you.

As… – this or that.

Xis… – this or that.

үs… – this or that (closer).

Hү… – me or mine.

I… – me or mine.

Um… – you or yours.

A… – him or that.


The last four are both demonstrative (connecting with verbs) and possessive (connecting with nouns). The first five for the best sound after themselves add particles nүqү or nүсаe.g. Hүcħa nүqү or Hүcħa nүсa etc.

Hүcħa – I am a simple pronoun. Hүcħa nүqү – compound pronoun.

Also say Hүcħacħanүqү, inserting cħa, when talking about an animated object, that is, "I myself".
Declination of the pronoun „I"
Unit number


I. p. Hүcħa – I am.

R. p. Зhipqua… – my. One would think that it can be formed like a noun Hүcħa epqua, or ipquabut the Indians did not say that. This Зhipqua borrowed from Hү, which also means – me.

D. p. Hүcħa Зhүguaca – for me.

V. p. Cħa or cħam or cħan or cħab or cħahaca – any movement in the direction of something, as well as „be". Hүcha – accusative, defined by the verb that it controls. As well as – cħras and hүcħa…

Sound p. no.

TV. p. Hү, haЗhү, bhoЗha


Pln number


I. p. Chie or chie chi – we.

R. p. Chi ipqua – our, derived from the pronoun Hү, or chie, chi ipqua

D. p. Chiguaca or chie chiguaca – for us, for us. Drafting chieguaca was impossible.

V. p. Chi haca, chi hasab, chi has, and chie an, chie ab – US.

TV. P. Chi bhoЗha or chie chi bhoЗha – with us.

Declension of the possessive pronoun „My"
Unit number


I. p. Hү – me or mine.

R. p. Зhiүpqua…

D. p. Зhү guaca

V. p. Huca or Hucam or Hucabas in the words: ЗhucathүЗhүtasuca: Зhucam nү, Зhucabha… There is also &# 1047; hucanas in the word Зhucan nү… This accusative Hү used like this – Зhү ta, a mutү – I am selling my site.

Sound p. no.

TV. P. Зhү bhoЗha… In both numbers, it doesn’t add more particles.


Pln number


I. p. Chi – we or ours.

R. p. Chi epqua or chi ipqua – our.

D. p. Chiguaca or chie chiguaca – for us, for us.

V. p. Chi haca, chi hocam, chi hocan, chihocab – US. As in words: Chi haca mutү – „sold to us", chi hocam nү – „it is given to us", chiochan nү – „were given to us", chihocabga – learning.

TV. P. ChibhoЗha – with our.


There are also two non-declining pronouns: cħa – with 1 person singular. and ma – with 2nd person singular. For the most part, they are used with the Imperative, although with other tenses too, but only with a single number. The plural will be: Mi (from pronoun Um) and Chi (from pronoun Hү)

Verb

Verb Guү – „to be" – in affirmative sentences was used as Hүcħaguy – „I am", in denials as Hүcħa үn Зha – „not me", in interrogative as Mue gua – „you?".
Declination of the verb „To be, to exist" in affirmative sentences
Present indicative mood:

Units


Hүcħa guү – I am.

Mue guү… – you are.

As guү… – that is.


Mn.h.


Chie guү – we’re.

Mie guү… – you are.

AnahiЗba guү… – that is.


This verb has no Past Imperfect Tense, as well as the Long-Past and Future Perfect.

The past perfect is similar to the present, as in the Spanish Preterito Perfecto.

The future is imperfect:

Units


Hүcħa үnga – I will.

Mue үnga… – you’ll.

As үnga… – that will be.


Mn.h.


Chie үnga – we will.

Mie үnga… – You will.

AnahiЗba үnga… – that will be.


Present tense, Imperative:

Formed as Imperfect Future – * Mue үnga… – you’ll. A particle is also added Co…

Numerals

Formed from various words and particles:


1. Ata

2. BoЗha

3. Mica

4. Mhuүca

5. Hүcsca

6. Ta

7. Qhupqa

8. ShuЗha

9. Aca

10. Hubchihica


For numbers over 10, use the word Qhicħa and it is placed in front of numbers from 1 to 10. Moreover Qhicħa Hubchihica would mean 20, but could also be called gueta… Numbers from 21 and above are already formed according to a different rule.

Bibliography


Juan de San Martin and Antonio de Lebrija. Report on the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada and the founding of the city of Bogota (July 1539). (unspecified)… www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (April 4, 2010). Retrieved April 4, 2010.

Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada. A summary of the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada „(1539; 1548-1549). (unspecified)… www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (April 20, 2010). Retrieved April 20, 2010.



Bernardo de Lugo, A Grammar of the Primary Language of the New Kingdom Called Chibcha or Mosca (inaccessible link) – 1619.